This week, I applied statistical tests to validate the patterns observed in my visualizations. I used the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess normality in age distributions, followed by t-tests to confirm age differences between Black and White individuals. To measure the size of the effect, I calculated Cohen’s d and found a moderate value of 0.58. This suggested the age difference wasn’t just statistically significant—it was also meaningful in real-world terms. I also conducted a permutation test as a backup check, which gave a p-value of 0.0, strongly confirming the age gap. At the same time, I reviewed how armed status and fleeing behavior varied by race, though those results were less pronounced. These tests gave me the statistical foundation to back up my initial observations.